Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis Biological Agent Reference Sheet (BARS)

Updated November 29th, 2023

Summary

Agent Characteristics 

Risk Group: RG-2 associated with human disease, rarely serious; preventive or therapeutic interventions often available.

Agent Type: Bacteria 

Description: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, often abbreviated M. paratuberculosis, M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis, or MAP, is a gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen. It is the causative agent of Johne's ("Yo-knee's") disease, a chronic disease of the intestines that affects ruminants such as cattle. In humans, MAP may play a role in the development of Crohn's disease. The type strain is ATCC 19698 (equivalent to CIP 103963 or DSM 44133) (Thorel 1990).

Host Range: MAP is found primarily in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats, deer, antelope, bison, etc.) and their threechambered stomach relatives (Chacon 2004). MAP has also been found to infect a variety of other wild animals, such as badger, fox, primates, rabbits, and swine (Collins 2003b).

Host Shedding: Blood, Feces, Milk, Colostrum           

Route of Exposure to Humans: Aerosol/Inhalation, Ingestion, Percutaneous

Infectious Dose: Unknown                                     Incubation Period: Symptoms usually appear within 1-10 years. 

Health Hazards

Signs and symptoms of infection may include:

• Flu-like symptoms (i.e. fever, headache, dehydration, weight loss, lethargy)
• Gastrointestinal symptoms (i.e. loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)
• Lymphoreticular symptoms (i.e. enlarged internal organs or lymph nodes)

Immunizations: None available                                 Prophylaxis*: None available

*Formal medical advice is obtained during medical consultations with Cornell Health or primary healthcare provider as needed.

Agent Viability 

For more guidance on disinfection see:  disinfectant selection.

Laboratory Hazards 

• High energy-creating activities (centrifugation, sonication, high pressure systems, vortexing, tube cap popping)
•  Handling of sharps (needles, scalpels, microtome blades, broken glass, etc.)
•  Splash/droplet-creating activities (shaking incubators, liquid culturing,
  mechanical pipetting)

Laboratory Acquired Infection (LAI) History: Unknown

Laboratory Handling Guidelines 

Laboratory Biosafety Level (BSL): BSL-2

Waste Management: Regulated Medical Waste (RMW)

Shipping Guidance: Refer to EHS Biological Materials Shipping 

Animal Vivarium Guidance

Animal Housing Biosafety Level (ABSL): ABSL-2

Animal Biosecurity: Experimental animals are housed separately

Perform Inoculations: Benchtop, Biosafety Cabinet, Cage Changing Station

Change Cages: Benchtop, Biosafety Cabinet, Cage Changing Station

Exposure and Spill Procedures 

Mucous Membranes: Flush eyes, mouth, or nose for 15 minutes at an eyewash station. See: responding to exposures.

Other Exposures: Wash with soap and water for 15 minutes (open wounds, sores, etc.) or a minimum of 20 seconds for areas with intact skin. See: responding to exposures.

Small Spills: Notify others working in the lab. Evacuate area and allow 30 minutes for aerosols to settle. Don appropriate PPE. Cover area of the spill with paper towels and apply disinfectant, working from the perimeter toward the center. Allow 30 minutes of contact time before disposal and cleanup of spill materials. See: spill cleanup

Large Spills: Request assistance from the EHS Spill Team by calling CUPD dispatch. Call 911 from a campus phone or 607-255-1111 from a mobile phone.

Incident Reporting: Immediately report the incident to supervisor and complete the EHS online injury/illness report as soon as possible.

Medical Follow-Up:

• For students, seek medical attention at Cornell Health or local primary care provider. Call Cornell Health at 607-255-5155 (24-hour phone consultation line) or a local urgent care. 
• For faculty and staff, seek medical evaluation with a local primary care provider or urgent care. Cornell Health does not see employees for post-exposure care. 
• Emergencies: Call 911 from a campus phone or 607-255-1111 from a mobile phone.